Plant Soil Environ., 2024, 70(10):601-616 | DOI: 10.17221/105/2024-PSE

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) on yield, physiology and stomatal behaviour under two different elevated CO2 concentrations. Do these anatomical changes affect the physiology of the C4 crop plant under high CO2 conditions?Original Paper

Khan Ira1, Vanaja Maddi2, Sathish Poldasari2, Faizan Mohammad1, Soysal Sipan3, Rajput Vishnu D.4, Djalovic Ivica5, Trivan Goran6, Alam Pravej7
1 Botany Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
2 Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, India
3 Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Türkiye
4 Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
5 Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
6 Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
7 Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is a matter of global concern and poses apprehension about how plants will adapt to the changing environment. Various studies have proved that under high CO2 levels, plant physiology alters and affects plant functioning. However, under elevated CO2, the stomatal characters and their relation with physiological responses are still not yet clear. To find out these changes in the stomatal parameters at ambient and two elevated CO2 (550 ppm and 700 ppm) levels, four genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) viz. DHM-117, Harsha, Varun and M-24 were grown in open-top chambers. In the study, it was observed that the stomatal density increased, stomatal size altered, stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased under elevated CO2 (eCO2) while photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE), yield and biomass, of which especially the reproductive biomass increased. Under eCO2, stomatal and physiological changes were genotypic and CO2 concentration specific. Increased stomatal density at eCO2 was mainly due to increased abaxial stomatal density. The improved Pn and reduced Tr at 550 ppm improved the WUE in the plants, while this response was not observed at 700 ppm. These results elucidate that this C4 crop responded positively to up to 550 ppm of CO2 concentrations, and beyond this, the impact was minimal.

Keywords: grain number; greenhouse gases; stomatal conductance; photosynthesis; cereals; climate change

Received: March 9, 2024; Revised: July 4, 2024; Accepted: July 12, 2024; Prepublished online: September 3, 2024; Published: September 23, 2024  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Ira K, Maddi V, Poldasari S, Mohammad F, Sipan S, Rajput Vishnu D, et al.. Response of maize (Zea mays L.) on yield, physiology and stomatal behaviour under two different elevated CO2 concentrations. Do these anatomical changes affect the physiology of the C4 crop plant under high CO2 conditions? Plant Soil Environ. 2024;70(10):601-616. doi: 10.17221/105/2024-PSE.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Ainsworth E.A., Rogers A. (2007): The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30: 258-270. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Amthor J.S. (1995): Terrestrial higher-plant response to increasing atmospheric [CO2] in relation to the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biolo-gy, 1: 243-313. Go to original source...
    3. Beerling D.J., Chaloner W.G. (1992): Stomatal density as an indicator of past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Holocene, 2: 71-78. Go to original source...
    4. Bergmann D.C. (2004): Integrating signals in stomatal development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7: 26-32. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Bhagwat S.G., Rane S.S., David K.A.V. (1997): Differences in flag leaf photosynthesis and respiration in bread wheat. Cereal Research Communi-cations, 25: 931-937. Go to original source...
    6. Bunce J.A. (2014): Corn growth response to elevated CO2 varies with the amount of nitrogen applied. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 306-312. Go to original source...
    7. Burgess P., Huang B. (2014): Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) to elevated carbon dioxide concen-trations. Horticulture Research, 1: 14021. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Drake B.G., Gonzalez-Meler M.A., Long S.P. (1997): More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO2? Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48: 609-639. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Drake B.G., Gonzàlez-Meler M.A., Long S.P. (1997): More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO2? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48: 607-637. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Driscoll S.P., Prins A., Olmos E., Kunert K.J., Foyer C.H. (2006): Specification of adaxial and abaxial stomata, epidermal structure and photosyn-thesis to CO2 enrichment in maize leaves. Experimental Botany, 57: 381-390. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Eamus D., Berryman C.A., Duff G.A. (1993): Assimilation, stomatal conductance, specific leaf area and chlorophyll responses to elevated CO2 of Maranthes corymbosa, a tropical monsoon rain forest species. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20: 741-755. Go to original source...
    12. Fischer K.A., Ress D., Sayre K.D., Lu Z.M., Condon A.G., Saavedra A.L. (1998): Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate and cooler canopies. Crop Science, 38: 1466-1475. Go to original source...
    13. Franks P.J., Beerling D.J. (2009): Maximum leaf conductance driven by CO2 effects on stomatal size and density over geologic time. Proceeding of National Academy of Science, 106: 10343-1034. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Gay A.P., Hurd R.G. (1975): The influence of light on stomatal density in the tomato. New Phytologist, 75: 37-46. Go to original source...
    15. Gu X., Tang Y.F., Shen J.H., Zhu Y.L. (2022): Effects of HCO-3HCO3 - in the biogas slurry on CO2 release from soils. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 46: 162-168.
    16. Habash D.Z., Paul M.J., Perry M.A.J., Keys A.J., Lawlor W. (1995): Increased capacity for photosynthesis in wheat grown at elevated CO2: the relationship between electron transport and carbon metabolism. Planta, 197: 191-203. Go to original source...
    17. Heichel G.H. (1971): Stomatal movements, frequencies and resistances in two maize varieties differing in photosynthetic capacity. Experimental Botany, 22: 644-649. Go to original source...
    18. Hetherington A.M., Woodward F.I. (2003): The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature, 424: 901-908. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Khan I., Vanaja M., Sathish P., Vagheera, Lakshmi N.J. (2018): Crop specific responses of elevated carbon-di-oxide level on groundnut (C3) and maize (C4). International Journal of Current Science, 21: 14-21.
    20. Khan I., Vanaja M., Sathish P., Vagheera P. (2020): Impact of elevated CO2 on two successive generations of CO2 responsive maize genotype. Agricultural Research, 9: 310-315. Go to original source...
    21. Kim S.H., Sicher R.C., Bae H., Gitz D.C., Baker J.T., Timlin D.J., Reddy V.R. (2006): Canopy photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, leaf nitrogen, and transcription profiles of maize in response to CO2 enrichment. Global Change Biology, 12: 588-600. Go to original source...
    22. Knapp A.K., Cocke M., Hamerlynck E.P., Clenton E. (1994): Effect of elevated CO2 on stomatal density and distribution in a C4 grass and a C3 forb under field conditions. Annals in Botany, 74: 595-599. Go to original source...
    23. Knapp A.K., Medina E. (1999): Success of C4 photosynthesis in the field: lessons from communities dominated by C4 plants. In: Sage R.F., Mon-son R.K. (eds.): C4 Plant Biology. London, Academic Press, 251-283. Go to original source...
    24. Lake J.A., Woodward F.I. (2008): Response of stomatal densities to CO2 and humidity: control by transpiration rate and abscisic acid. New Phytol-ogist, 179: 397-404. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Lake J.A., Woodward F.I., Quick W.P. (2002): Long-distance CO2 signaling in plants. Experimental Botany, 53: 183-193. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Lawson T., Blatt M.R. (2014): Stomatal size, speed, and responsiveness impact on photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Plant Physiology, 164: 1556-1570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Leakey A.D.B., Bernacchi C.J., Dohleman F.G., Ort D.R., Long S.P. (2004): Will photosynthesis of maize (Zea mays) in the US corn belt increase in future [CO2] rich atmospheres? An analysis of diurnal courses of CO2 uptake under free-air concentration enrichment (FACE). Global Change Biology, 10: 951-962. Go to original source...
    28. Lin J., Jach M.E., Ceulemans R. (2001): Stomatal density and needle anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) are affected by elevated CO2. New Phytologist, 150: 665-674. Go to original source...
    29. Linke L., Yinuo W., Xiao X., Wen Z., Jiaojiao W., Lan G., Xing T., Xingyu R., Rurong D., Yun L. (2022): Response of Cotinus coggygria photosyn-thesis and coloration to weather change in chongqing. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 46: 95-103.
    30. Long S.P. (1999): Environmental responses. In: Sage R.F., Monson R.K. (eds.): C4 Plant Biology. San Diego, Academic Press, 215-249. ISBN: 0-12-614440-0 Go to original source...
    31. Maherali H., Reid C.D., Polley H.W., Johnson H.B., Jackson R.B. (2002): Stomatal acclimation over a sub ambient to elevated CO2 gradient in C3/C4 grassland. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25: 557-566. Go to original source...
    32. Maroco J., Edwards G., Ku M. (1999): Photosynthetic acclimation of maize to growth under elevated levels of carbon dioxide. Planta, 210: 115-125. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Morison J.I.L. (1987): Intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal response to CO2. In: Zeiger E., Cowan I.R., Farquhar G.D. (eds.): Stomatal Function. Redwood City, Stanford University Press, 229-251.
    34. Nowak R.S., DeFalco L.A., Wilcox C.S., Jordan D.N., Coleman J.S., Seemann J.R., Smith S.D. (2001): Leaf conductance decreased under free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) for three perennials in the Nevada desert. New Phytologist, 150: 449-458. Go to original source...
    35. Pallas J.E. (1980): An apparent anomaly in peanut leaf conductance. Plant Physiology, 65: 848-851. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Pospisilova J., Catsky J. (1999): Development of water stress under increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Biologia Plantarum, 42: 1-24. Go to original source...
    37. Reid C.D., Maherali H., Johnson H.B., Smith S.D., Wullschleger S.D., Jackson R.B. (2003): On the relationship between stomatal characters and atmospheric CO2. Geophys Research Letters, 30: 1983. Go to original source...
    38. Rogers H.H., Dahlman R.C. (1993): Crop responses to CO2 enrichment. Vegetation, 104: 117-131. Go to original source...
    39. Sinclair T.R., Goudriaan J., Wit de C.T. (1977): Mesophyll resistance and CO2 compensation concentration in leaf photosynthesis models. Photo-synthetica, 13: 279-234.
    40. Tanaka Y., Sugano S.S., Shimada T., Hara-Nishimura I. (2013): Enhancement of leaf photosynthetic capacity through increased stomatal density in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist, 198: 757-764. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Teng N., Wang J., Chen T., Wu X., Wang Y., Lin J. (2006): Elevated CO2 induces physiological, biochemical and structural changes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytologist, 172: 92-103. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Thomas J.F., Harvey C.N. (1983): Leaf anatomy of four species grown under continuous CO2 enrichment. Botanical Gazzatte, 144: 303-309. Go to original source...
    43. Vanaja M., Maheswari M., Jyothi Lakshmi N., Sathish P., Yadav S.K., Salini K., Vagheera P., Vijay, Kumar G., Abdul R. (2015): Variability in growth and yield response of maize genotypes at elevated CO2 concentration. Advances in Plants Agriculture Research, 2: 00042.
    44. Vanaja M., Maheswari M., Ratnakumar P., Ramakrishna Y.S. (2006): Monitoring and controlling of CO2 concentrations in open top chambers for better understanding of plants response to elevated CO2 levels. Indian Journal Radio and Space Physics, 35: 193-197.
    45. Von Caemmerer S., Ghannoum O., Pengelly J.J.L., Cousins A.B. (1997): Carbon isotope discrimination during C4 photosynthesis: insights from transgenic plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 24: 487-493. Go to original source...
    46. Wei Y., Wei X.L., Wang M.B., Wang M., Yu D.L. (2023): Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on the photosynthetic physiology and morphology of Ormosia hosiei seedlings. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 47: 124-132.
    47. Wong S.C., Cowan I.R., Farquhar G.D. (1979): Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Nature, 282: 424-426. Go to original source...
    48. Woodward F.I. (1987): Stomatal densities are sensitive to increases in CO2 concentration from pre-industrial levels. Nature, 327: 617-618. Go to original source...
    49. Xu Z, Jiang Y., Jia B., Zhou G. (2016): Elevated-CO2 response of stomata and its dependence on environmental factors. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 657. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Xu Z.Z., Zhou G.S. (2008): Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. Experimental Botany, 59: 3317-3325. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Xu Z.H., Zhu Y., Jin H.Y., Sun C.W., Fang S.Z. (2022): Variations in the contents of leaf pigments and polyphenols and photosynthesis traits in Cyclocarya paliurus with different leaf colors. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 46: 103-110.
    52. Yang K., Huang Y., Yang J., Lv C., Hu Z., Yu L., Sun W. (2023): Effects of three patterns of elevated CO2 in single and multiple generations on photosynthesis and stomatal features in rice. Annals of Botany, 131: 463-473. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Young K.J., Long S.P. (2000): Crop ecosystem responses to climatic change: maize and sorghum. In: Reddy K.R., Hodges H.F. (eds.): Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity. Wallingford, CABI International, 107-131. Go to original source...
    54. Zheng Y., Xu M., Hou R., Shen R., Qiu S., Ouyang Z. (2013): Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.). Ecology and Evolution, 3: 3095-3111. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Ziska L.H. (2001): Rising carbon dioxide and weed ecology. Weed Science, 49: 62. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content