Plant Soil Environ., 2025, 71(7):500-508 | DOI: 10.17221/18/2025-PSE

Effect of application of microbiological preparation and different nitrogen fertilisation on wheat yield elementsOriginal Paper

Suzana Kristek1, Jurica Jović1, Josipa Jantoš1, Marina Martinović1, Zdenko Lončarić2
1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
2 Department of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia

Two-year experiments were conducted on two different soil types during 2021/22 and 2022/23 to study the impact of microbiological preparations, Mycor-FAZOS and Vitality-FAZOS, on the yield and quality elements of winter wheat cultivar Maja (Agrigenetics). The experiment was set up in a split-block design with four repetitions across two soil types, with 12 different variants on each soil type. The base plot area was 40 m2, and the effective plot area was 27 m2. The research factors included: A (soil type): A1 – gley soil; A2 – eutric cambisol; B (disease control): B1 – control; B2 – chemical pesticides; B3 – biopreparates (seed treatment + foliar treatment) and C (nitrogen fertilisation): C1 – based on soil analysis; C2 – 70% of recommended application. Variables included grain yield (t/ha), grain protein content (%), hectoliter weight (kg), and plant height (cm). The highest average grain yield was achieved with variant B3C2, with a 12.50% increase compared to variant B2C1. Differences between these variants included 6.0% for protein content, 5.97% for hectoliter weight, and 7.93% for plant height. It was observed that Mycor-FAZOS seed treatment promoted root development, resulting in healthier, taller, more robust plants with a more uniform growth and darker colour than untreated seed variants (indicating increased photosynthesis index). The protection achieved with Vitality-FAZOS biopreparations (fungicidal microorganisms synthesising growth hormones) ensured healthier wheat plants, leading to higher seed yield and better quality parameters.

Keywords: Triticum aestivum L.; biopreparation; fertilisation; protection; yield elements

Received: January 14, 2025; Revised: May 26, 2025; Accepted: June 9, 2025; Prepublished online: July 23, 2025; Published: July 31, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kristek S, Jović J, Jantoš J, Martinović M, Lončarić Z. Effect of application of microbiological preparation and different nitrogen fertilisation on wheat yield elements. Plant Soil Environ. 2025;71(7):500-508. doi: 10.17221/18/2025-PSE.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Akbar M., Chohan S.A., Yasin N.A., Ahmad A., Akram W., Nazir A. (2023): Mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced tillering in field grown wheat, nutritional enrichment and soil properties. Plant Biology, 13: 43-51. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Al-Karaki G., McMichael B., Zak J. (2004): Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza, 14: 263-269. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Boehm M.J., Madden L.V., Hoitink H.A.J. (1993): Effect of organic matter decomposition level on bacterial species diversity and composition about Pythium damping-off severity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59: 4171-4179. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Boleta E.H., Galindo F.S., Jalal A., Arf O., Silva M.R., Buzetti S., Filho M.C. (2020): Inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and its effects on productivity and nutritional accumulation of wheat cultivars. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 1-10. Go to original source...
    5. Chen P., Miah R., Aschnerb M. (2016): Metals and neurodegeneration. F1000 Research, 5: 1-13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Choudhary R.R., Prajapat A.L., Yadav H.L., Gupta S., Jat R.P. (2022): Effect of varieties and nutrient management practices on nutrient content, uptake and quality parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11: 1078-1081.
    7. Covacevich F., Fernandez-Gnecco G., Consolo V.F., Burges P.L., Calo G.F., Mondino E.A. (2025): Combined soil inoculation with mycorrhizae and trichoderma alleviates nematode-induced decline in mycorrhizal diversity. Diversity, 17: 334-350. Go to original source...
    8. Croatian Encyclopedia (2013-2025): The Croatian Encyclopedia, online edition. Lexicographic Institute Miroslav Krleža, 2013- 2025. Available at: www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/psenica
    9. Cvijanović G., Milošević N., Đalovic I., Cvijović M., Paunović A. (2008): Nitrogenization and N fertilization effects on protein contents in wheat grain. Cereal Research Communication, 36: 251-254.
    10. Cvijanović V., Cvijanović G., Rajičić V., Marinković J., Đukić V., Bajagić M., Đurić N. (2022): Influence of different methods of application of effective microorganisms in nutrition of wheat on weight by 1 000 grains, yield, and content of crude wheat proteins (Triticum spp.). Cereal Re-search Communications, 50: 1259-1268. Go to original source...
    11. Defarge N., Vendômois J.S., Séralini G.E. (2018): Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. Toxicology Reports, 5: 156-163. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Denardi Munareto J., Newton Martin T., Fipke G.M., Cunha S., da Rosa B. (2019): Nitrogen management alternatives using Azospirillum brasilense in wheat. Crop Science, 54: 1-8. Go to original source...
    13. De Santis M.A., Giuliani M.M., Flagella Z., Pellegrino E., Ercoli: (2022): Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal seed coating on grain protein and mineral composition of old and modern bread wheat genotypes. Agronomy, 12: 10-19. Go to original source...
    14. Donn S., Kirkegaard J.A., Perera G., Richardson A.E., Watt M. (2015): Evolution of bacterial communities in the wheat crop rhizosphere. Envi-ronmental Microbiology, 17: 610-621. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. El-Saadony M.T., Saad A.M., Soliman M.S., Salem H.M., Ahmed A.I., Mahmood M. (2022): Plant growth-promoting microorganisms as biocontrol agents of plant diseases: mechanisms, challenges and future perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Ezawa T., Saito K. (2018): How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi handle phosphate? New insight into fine-tuning of phosphate metabolism. New Phytologist, 220: 1116-1121. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Geier D.A., Kern J.K., King P.G., Sykes L.K., Geier M.R. (2012): Hair toxic metal concentrations and autism spectrum disorder severity in young children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9: 4486-4497. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Gianì F., Masto R., Trovato M.A., Malandrino P., Russo M., Pellegriti G., Vigneri P., Vigneri R. (2021): Heavy metals in the environment and thyroid cancer. Cancers, 13: 4052-4065. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Ijomone O.M., Olung N.F., Akingbade G.T., Okoh O.A., Aschner M. (2020): Environmental influence on neurodevelopmental disorders: potential association of heavy metal exposure and autism. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 62: 38-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Illescas M., Pedrero-Méndez A., Pitorini-Bovolini M., Hermosa R., Monte E. (2021): Phytohormone production profiles in Trichoderma species and their relationship to wheat plant responses to water stress. Pathogens, 10: 991-999. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Khoshru B., Nosratabad A.F., Mitra D., Chaithra D., Boyno G., Chattaraj S., Priyadarshini A., Anđelković S., Pellegrini M., Guerra-Sierra B.E., Sinha S. (2023): Rock phosphate solubilizing potential of soil microorganisms: advances in sustainable crop production. Bacteria, 2: 98-115. Go to original source...
    22. Mahato S., Bhuju S., Shrestha J. (2018): Effect of Trichoderma viride as biofertilizer on growth and yield of wheat. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2: 01-05. Go to original source...
    23. Marrugo-Negrete J., Pinedo-Hernández J., Díez S. (2017): Assessment of heavy metal pollution, spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the Sinú River Basin, Colombia. Environment Research, 154: 380-388. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Moradgholi A., Mobasser H., Ganjali H. (2021): WUE, protein and grain yield of wheat under the interaction of biological and chemical fertilizers and different moisture regimes. Cereal Research Communications, 50: 1259-1268. Go to original source...
    25. Mutlu A., Kucuk C., Cevheri C. (2021): Effect of Trichoderma ssp. isolates applications on grain yield and some yield components in organic barley cultivation (Hordeum vulgare L.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30: 723-730.
    26. Perelló A., Mónaco C., Simón M.R., Sisterna M., Dal Bello G.M. (2003): Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma isolates for tan spot of wheat. Crop Protection, 22: 1099-1106. Go to original source...
    27. Repetto R., Baliga S.S. (1997): Pesticides and immunosuppression: the risks to public health. Health Policy and Planning, 12: 97-106. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Ross S.M. (1994): Toxic metals in soil-plant systems. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 124: 155-156.
    29. Ruth B., Khalvati M., Schmidhalter U. (2011): Quantification of mycorrhizal water uptake via high-resolution on-line water content sensors. Plant and Soil, 342: 459-468. Go to original source...
    30. Salmabi K.A., Lynette K.A., Bede S.M., Andrew S.W., Kadambot H.M.S., Zakaria M.S. (2018): Response of wheat to a multiple species microbial inoculant compared to fertilizer application front. Plant Science, 9: 1601. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Seeburg P.H., Shine J., Martial J.A., Ivarie R.D., Morris J.A., Ullrich A., Baxter J.D., Goodman H.M. (1978): Synthesis of growth hormone by bacteria. Nature, 276: 795-798. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Sharma S., Kaur M. (2017): Plant hormones synthesized by microorganisms and their role in biofertilizer. International Journal of Advanced Research, 5: 1753-1762. Go to original source...
    33. Tiwari M., Singh R., Jha R., Singh P. (2022): Heritable priming by Trichoderma: a sustainable approach for wheat protection against Bipolaris sorokiniana. Plant Pathogen Interactions, 13: 1-18. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Tóth G., Hermann T., Da Silva M.R., Montanarella L. (2016): Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International, 88: 299-309. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Tunlid A., Hoitink H.A.J., Low C., White D.C. (1989): Characterization of bacteria that suppress Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media by analysis of fatty acid biomarkers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55: 1368-1374. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Tyśkiewicz R., Nowak A., Ozimek E., Jaroszuk-Ściseł J. (2022): Trichoderma: the current status of its application in agriculture for the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens and stimulation of plant growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23: 1-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Verkleij J.A. (1993): The effects of heavy metal stress on higher plants and their use as bio monitor. In: Markert B. (ed.): Plant as Bioindicators: Indicators of Heavy Metals in the Terrestrial Environment. New York, Publisher Wiley-VCH, 415-424.
    38. Zin N.A., Badaluddin N.A. (2020): Biological functions of Trichoderma spp. for agriculture applications. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65: 168-178. Go to original source...
    39. Wei B., Yang L. (2010): A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils - urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchemical Journal, 94: 99-107. Go to original source...
    40. Weng W., Yan J., Zhou M., Yao X., Gao A., Ma C., Cheng J., Ruan J. (2022): Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a biocontrol agent in the control of plant diseases. Microorganisms, 10: 1-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Yousef S., Eapen V., Zoubeidi T., Kosanovic M., Mabrouk A.A., Adem A. (2013): Learning disorder and blood concentration of heavy metals in the United Arab Emirates. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6: 394-400. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content