Plant Soil Environ., 2012, 58(8):347-353 | DOI: 10.17221/289/2012-PSE

Spring, einkorn and emmer wheat species - potential rich sources of free ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds

J. Lachman1, J. Musilová2, Z. Kotíková1, K. Hejtmánková1, M. Orsák1, J. Přibyl1
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L., subsp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank], subsp. dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) may be rich in hydrophilic antioxidants, therefore being a potential food source with high nutritional properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the content of free ferulic acid (FFA) and total polyphenols (TP) beneficial for human health in wheat varieties and accessions for breeding and production. Einkorn, emmer and spring wheat varieties were assessed for TP and FFA contents in the precise two-year field experiments. The highest FFA content was determined in emmer wheat varieties and spring cv. Granny. High TP content was characteristic for emmer and spring wheat accessions, however also some einkorn ones were characterised by high levels. Year of cultivation showed a significant impact on FFA contents.

Keywords: diploid and tetraploid ancestor wheats; spring hexaploid wheat; hydrophilic antioxidants

Published: August 31, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Lachman J, Musilová J, Kotíková Z, Hejtmánková K, Orsák M, Přibyl J. Spring, einkorn and emmer wheat species - potential rich sources of free ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds. Plant Soil Environ. 2012;58(8):347-353. doi: 10.17221/289/2012-PSE.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Adam A., Crespy V., Levrat-Verny M.A., Leenhardt F., Leuillet M., Demigne C., Rémésy C. (2002): The bioavailability of ferulic acid is governed primarily by the food matrix rather than its metabolism in intestine and liver in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 132: 1962-1968. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Adom K.K., Liu R.H. (2002): Antioxidant activity of grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50: 6182-6187. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Adom K.K., Sorrels M.E., Liu R.H. (2003): Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 7825-7834. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Anson N.M., van den Berg R., Havenaar R., Bast A., Haenen G.R.M.M. (2009): Bioavailability of ferulic acid is determined by its bioaccessibility. Journal of Cereal Science, 49: 238-247. Go to original source...
    5. Arranz S., Calixto F.S. (2010): Analysis of polyphenols in cereals may be improved performing acidic hydrolysis: A study in wheat flour and wheat bran and cereals of the diet. Journal of Cereal Science, 51: 313-318. Go to original source...
    6. Buranov A.U., Mazza G. (2008): Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Industrial Crops and Products, 28: 237-259. Go to original source...
    7. Bystrická J., Vollmannová A., Kupecsek A., Musilová J., Poláková Z., Čičová I., Bojňanská T. (2011): Bioactive compounds in different plant parts of various buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) cultivars. Cereal Research Communications, 39: 436-444. Go to original source...
    8. Fernandez-Orozco R., Li L., Harflett C., Shewry P.R., Ward J.L. (2010): Effects of environment and genotype on phenolic acids in wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 9341-9352. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Gasztonyi M.N., Farkas R.T., Berki M., Petróczi I.M., Daood H.G. (2011): Content of phenols in wheat as affected by varietal and agricultural factors. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24: 785-789. Go to original source...
    10. Hung P.V., Hatcher D.W., Barker W. (2011): Phenolic acid composition of sprouted wheats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry, 126: 1896-1901. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Irmak S., Jonnala R.S., Mac Ritchie F. (2008): Effect of genetic variation on phenolic acid and policosanol contents of Pegaso wheat lines. Journal of Cereal Science, 48: 20-26. Go to original source...
    12. Jonnala R.S., Irmak S., Mac Ritchie F., Bean S.R. (2010): Phenolics in the bran of waxy wheat and triticale lines. Journal of Cereal Science, 52: 509-515. Go to original source...
    13. Kern S.M., Bennett R.N., Mellon F.A., Kroon P.A., Garcia-Conesa M.T. (2003): Absorption of hydroxycinnamates in humans after high-bran cereal consumption. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6050-6055. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Klepacka J., Fornal L. (2006): Ferulic acid and its position among the phenolic compounds of wheat. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46: 296-300. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Lachman J., Miholová D., Pivec V., Jírů K., Janovská D. (2011): Content of phenolic antioxidants and selenium in grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties. Plant, Soil and Environment, 57: 235-243. Go to original source...
    16. Lachman J., Orsák M., Pivec V., Jírů K. (2012): Antioxidant activity of grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Plant, Soil and Environment, 58: 15-21. Go to original source...
    17. Li L., Shewry P.R., Ward J.L. (2008): Phenolic acids in wheat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56: 9732-9739. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Liyana-Pathirana C.M., Shahidi F. (2005): Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by gastric pH conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 2433-2440. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Moore J., Liu J.G., Zhou K.Q., Yu L.L. (2006): Effects of genotype and environment on the antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54: 5313-5322. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Okarter N. (2012): Whole Grain Consumption and Health of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: A Focus on Insoluble-Bound Phenolic Compounds. In: Bouayed J., Bohn T. (eds.): Nutrition, WellBeing and Health. Tech Publisher, Rijeka, 49-72. Go to original source...
    21. Shewry P.R., Piironen V., Lampi A.M., Edelman M., Kariluoto S., Nurmi T., Fernandez-Orozco R., Ravel C., Charmet G., Andersson A.A.M., Aman P., Boros D., Gebruers K., Dornez E., Courtin C.M., Delcour J.A., Rakszegi M., Bedo Z., Ward J.L. (2010): The HEALTHGRAIN wheat diversity screen: Effects of genotype and environment on phytochemicals and dietary fiber components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 9291-9298. Go to original source...
    22. Stracke B.A., Eitel J., Watzl B., Mäder P., Rüfer C.E. (2009): Influence of the production method on phytochemical concentrations in whole wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A comparative study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57: 10116- 10121. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Vaher M., Matso K., Levandi T., Helmja K., Kaljurand M. (2010): Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the bran, flour and whole grain of different wheat varieties. Procedia Chemistry, 2: 76-82. Go to original source...
    24. Yu L.L., Haley S., Perret J., Harris M. (2002a): Antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat extracts. Food Chemistry, 78: 457-461. Go to original source...
    25. Yu L.L., Haley S., Perret J., Harris M., Wilson J., Qian M. (2002b): Free radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50: 1619-1624. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Yu L.L., Perret J., Harris M., Wilson J., Haley S. (2003): Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from 'Akron' wheat grown at different locations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 1566-1570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Yu L., Zhou K. (2004): Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from 'Platte' wheat grown at different locations. Food Chemistry, 90: 311-316. Go to original source...
    28. Ward J.L., Poutanen K., Gebruers K., Piironen V., Lampi A.M., Nyström L., Andersson A.A.M., Boros D., Rakszegi M., Bedö Z., Shewry P.R. (2008): The HEALTHGRAIN cereal diversity screen: Concept, results, and prospects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56: 9699-9709. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Zhao Z., Egashira Y., Sanada H. (2003a): Digestion and absorption of ferulic acid sugar esters in rat gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 5534-5539. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Zhao Z., Egashira Y., Sanada H. (2003b): Ferulic acid sugar esters are recovered in rat plasma and urine mainly as the sulfoglucuronide of ferulic acid. Journal of Nutrition, 133: 1355-1361. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Zhou K.Q., Su L., Yu L.L. (2004): Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties in wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 6108-6114. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Zhou K.Q., Yin J.J., Yu L.L. (2005): Phenolic acid, tocopherol and carotenoid compositions, and antioxidant functions of hard red winter wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 3916-3922. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content